Selective estrogen receptor modifiers (SERMs) treat osteoporosis by selectively:
Selective estrogen receptor modifiers (SERMs) treat osteoporosis by selectively:
1. Inhibiting magnesium resorption in the kidneys
2.Increasing calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
3. Acting on the bone to inhibit osteoblast activity
4. Acting on the estrogen receptors in the bone
Question 2
Inadequate vitamin D intake can contribute to the development of osteoporosis by:
1. Increasing calcitonin production
2. Increasing calcium absorption from the intestine
3.Altering calcium metabolism
4. Stimulating bone formation
Question 3
How do bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis?
1. By selectively activating estrogen pathways in the bone
2. By reducing bone resorption by inhibiting parathyroid hormone (PTH)
3.By reducing bone resorption and inhibiting osteoclastic activity
4. By increasing PTH production
Question 4
Drugs that increase the risk of osteoporosis include:
1. Oral combined contraceptives
2. Carbamazepines
3.Calcium channel blockers
4.High doses of vitamin D
Question 5
Besides osteoporosis, intravenous (IV) bisphosphonates are also indicated for:
1.Paget’s disease
2. Early osteopenia
3. Renal cancer
4. Early closure of cranial sutures
Question 6
Patients need to be questioned about all pain sites because:
1. Patients tend to report the most severe or important in their perception.
2. Pain tolerance generally decreases with repeated exposure.
3. The reported pain site is usually the most important to treat.
4. Pain may be referred from a different site to the one reported.
Question 7
Which of the following statements is true about age and pain?
1.Use of drugs that depend heavily on the renal system for excretion may require dosage adjustments in very young children.
2.Among the NSAIDs, indomethacin is the preferred drug because of a lower adverse effect profile than other NSAIDs.
3.Older adults who have dementia probably do not experience much pain due to loss of pain receptors in the brain.
4.Acetaminophen is especially useful in both children and adults because it has no effect on platelets and has fewer adverse effects than NSAIDs.
Question 8
Opiates are used mainly to treat moderate to severe pain. Which of the following is NOT true about these drugs?
1. All opiates are scheduled drugs, which require a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) license to prescribe.
2. Opiates stimulate only ? receptors for the control of pain.
3. Most of the adverse effects of opiates are related to ? receptor stimulation.
4.Naloxone is an antagonist to opiates.
Question 9
One of the main drug classes used to treat acute pain is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). They are used because:
1. They have less risk for liver damage than acetaminophen.
2. Inflammation is a common cause of acute pain.
3. They have minimal gastrointestinal (GI) irritation.
4. Regulation of blood flow to the kidneys is not affected by these drugs.
Question 10
Narcotics are exogenous opiates. They act by:
1. Inhibiting pain transmission in the spinal cord
2. Attaching to receptors in the afferent neuron to inhibit the release of substance P
3. Blocking neurotransmitters in the midbrain
4. Increasing beta-lipoprotein excretion from the pituitary gland
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